引用:

原帖由 garnett_wu 于 2006-11-29 12:04 发表
Passage Seven
(The Most Important of All HumanQualities is a Sense of Humor)
Biologically, there is only one quality whichdistinguishes us from animals: the ability to laugh. In a universe whi ...

第7 篇答案：

难句译注
1． In a divided world, laughter is a unifying force.
【参考译文】在分裂的世界中，笑是一种促成一致（团结）的力量。
2． Human relations may be plagued by ideological factions and politicalcamps,
【参考译文】人际关系可能因思想意识派别和政治阵营的不同而受侵扰。
3． Certain comic stereotypes have a universal appeal.
【参考译文】某些滑稽的模式具有全球性的效果。
4． Charlie Chaplin查理·卓别林1889-1977，英国讽刺滑稽剧及电影演员，导演及制片人。
5． At odds with society和社会格格不入。
6． Dr. Samuel Johnson撒缪尔·约翰生，1709-1784，英国辞典编撰者及作家。
7． A sense of humor may take various forms and laughter may be anythingfrom a refined tinkle to an earth quaking roar.
【参考译文】幽默感表现的方式多种多样，笑也许是银铃般优雅轻笑，也许是震耳欲聋的放声大笑。
8． If we can see the funny side, we never make the mistake of takingourselves too seriously.
【参考译文】如果我们能见到可笑的一面，我们就不会犯这种错误：对自己看得过重（自以为了不起）。
9． We are always reminded that tragedy is not really far removed fromcomedy, so we never get a lop-sided view of things.
【参考译文】我们会经常提醒自己祸兮福所伏（悲剧离喜剧实际并不遥远），那我们决不会偏执一词地看事物。
10． Take the wind out of sb’s sails使某人气馁或泄气。
11． Swift Jonathan swift乔纳森·思维福特1667-1745，英国作家，生于都柏林，曾获牛津大学硕士，三一学院神学博士学位，1688年到英国，后加入英国国教会。他同情英国统治下的爱尔兰人民，积极参加他们为争取自由和民族独立的斗争。他以政治讽刺文著世，其文笔犀利、讽刺尖锐、文章推理严密，用词简洁、语言朴实清晰，被认为是英语的典范，《格列佛游记》是他的代表作之一。
12． We laugh because we are meant to laugh; but we are meant to weeptoo.
【结构简析】mean todo是打算或注定要…，一般用于被动。【参考译文】我们笑是因为想笑，可是我们也想哭。是指小人国和邻国仅仅为打鸡蛋一类小事而打仗可笑，确实也是可悲。作者结合现实指出是人类悲剧之所在。

写作方法与文章大意
文章以部部深入，一般到具体的写作手法论及笑是人类特有的功能。
形式多种、效果一样。天下人有各种观点、制度、人际关系，对滑稽的东西都会报之以笑――一种一致的力量。
笑基于幽默感，有了它，人们会乐观、愉快、轻松，不偏不倚地对待一切，悲剧中寓以喜剧，幽默感又是人类开启幸福之门的钥匙。
论及的同时作者佐以例子，卓别林的早期电影，《格列佛游记》中的小人国战争等。

答案详解
1. A 幽默感。文章一开始就提出人类有别于动物是人有笑的功能，世界纷争繁杂、人际关系因意识观点差异而对峙，国家制度不一，但人们都能笑。笑基于人类最复杂而又微妙的品质――幽默感。反过来说没有幽默感的人恐怕难以笑。第二段正式指出：幽默感表现形式多种多样，而笑可由微笑到狂笑种种，但其效果相同，幽默感有助于我们保持正确的价值观。这是政治狂热者所缺乏的特征。如果我们能看见滑稽可笑的一面，我们就不会犯过于看重自己的错误。我们总会记得悲剧离喜剧不愿，因此，我们不会有偏重某一测的观点。第四段画龙点睛的指出幽默是人类最重要的特征，因为它和笑声结合在一起。而笑又是和幸福联系在一起。勇气、决心、创造力特征，我们和其他生命形式共享，而幽默感是人类所独有的。如果幸福是我们生活的伟大目标，那幽默感就是开启幸福的钥匙。
B.讽刺感。这是第三段讲的内容，讽刺的功能，但不是人类最重要的特征。C.笑感。D.历史观点。
2. C 作者提卓别林的电影的目的是证明某些喜剧模式对全世界都有吸引力。
A.它可以取悦任何人。B.人类和动物不同。D.证明人有同样笑的功能。
3. B使各种事情重新相等和均衡。第三段着重讲了这一点。人类在痛苦中挣扎，常处于战争的边缘。政治实现令人绝望，在这种处境中，对某些政治事物的讽刺挖苦和漫画可以使各种心理重新平衡，可使失去均衡感的政客地下高傲头颅；可使我看见许多深邃的事情荒谬可笑。
A.表现行为的荒唐。C.使政治家气馁。D.表现世界上太多的令人沮丧之事。
4. A它可以以讽刺的手法解释政治时间的真相。
B.这可促使人民暴动。C.它表示了悲剧和喜剧相联系。D.它能使人哭。
5. A小说家。
B.诗人。C.戏剧家。D.散文家。

Passage Eight

(The Improving Economic Situation InGreece)

Greece, economically, isin the black. With very little to export other than such farm products astobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enough from ‘invisible earnings’to pay for its needed, growing imports. From the sen谢谢 out of things theGreeks, earn only $285 million; from tourism, shipping and the remittances ofGreeks abroad, the country takes in an additional #375 million and this washesout the almost $400 million by which imports exceed exports.
It has a balancedbudget. Although more than one drachma out of four goes for defense, thegovernment ended a recent year with a slight surplus -- $66 million. Greece hasa decent reserve of almost a third of a billion dollars in gold and foreignexchange. It has a government not dependent on coalescing incompatible partiesto obtain parliamentary majorities.

In thus summarizing afew happy highlights, I don’t mean to minimize the vast extent of Greece’sproblems. It is the poorest country by a wide margin in Free Europe, andpoverty is widespread. At best an annual income of $60 to $70 is the lot of manya peasant, and substantial unemployment plagues the countryside, cities, andtowns of Greece. There are few natural resources on which to build anysubstantial industrial base. Some years ago I wrote here:
“Greek statesmanshipwill have to create an atmosphere in which home and foreign savings willwillingly seek investment opportunities in the back ward economy of Greece. Sofar, most American and other foreign attempt have bogged down in the Greekgovernment’s red tape and shrewdness about small points.”

Great strides have beenmade. As far back as 1956, expan谢谢 tourism seemed a logical way to bringneeded foreign currencies and additional jobs to Greece. At that time I talkedwith the Hilton Hotel people, who had been examining hotel possibilities, andto the Greek government division responsible for this area of the economy. Theywere hopelessly deadlocked in almost total differences of opinion and outlook.
Today most of theincredibly varied, beautiful, historical sights of Greece have new, if in manycases modest, tourist facilities. Tourism itself has jumped from approximately$31 million to over $90 million. There is both a magnificent new Hilton Hotelin Athens and a completely modernized, greatly expanded Grande Bretagne, aswell as other first-rate new hotels. And the advent of jets has made Athens asaccessible as Paris or Rome – without the sky-high prices of traffic-chokedstreets of either.

1. The title below that bestexpresses the ideas of this passage is
[A] Greek income and expenditures.
[B] The improving economic situation in Greece.
[C] The value of tourism.
[D] Military expenditures.

2. Many peasants earn less than
[A] $60 a week.
[B] $2 a week.
[C] $1 a day.
[D] $10 a month.

3. The Greek Government spends
[A] more than 25%of its budget on military terms.
[B] More than its collects.
[C] A third of a billion dollars in gold.
[D] Less than 25% of its budget on military terms.

4. Accor谢谢 to the passage,Greece has
[A] a dictatorship.
[B] a monarchy.
[C] a single majority party.
[D] too much red tape.

5. Greece imports annually goodsand materials
[A] totaling almost $700 million.
[B] that balance exports.
[C] that are paid by tourists.
[D] costing $66 million.

Vocabulary
1. remittance 汇款（额）
2. wash out 洗掉，取消、告吹、冲掉、筋疲力尽
3. drachma 古希腊银币 德拉克马（现代希腊货币单位）
4. lot 份额
5. incompatible 水火不相容的，不能共存的
6. coalesce （政党）联合，愈合，接合
7. highlight 光线最强处，最重要部分，最精彩场面
8. margin （成本和售价的）差额，空白，边缘
9. bog down 陷于困境，使停顿
10. red tape 官样文章，烦琐和拖拉的公务程序
11. shrewdness 清明，机灵
12. deadlock 僵局，僵持；使陷于僵局

引用:

原帖由 garnett_wu 于 2006-11-30 11:12 发表
Passage Eight
(The Improving Economic Situation InGreece)
Greece, economically, isin the black. With very little to export other than such farm products astobacco, cotton and fruit, the ...

第8 篇 答案:

难句译注
1. Greece, economically is in theblack.
【参考译文】希腊经济上说是赢利/富裕的
2. With very little export otherthan such farm products as tobacco, cotton and fruit, the country earns enoughfrom invisible earnings to pay its needed, growing imports.
【参考译文】除了农产品，如烟草、棉花和水果之外，希腊没有什么出口货，但它从“无形的收益”中挣不少，足够致富所需的一切――日益增长的进口货。
3. This washes out almost $400million by which imports exceed exports.
【参考译文】这笔钱冲掉了进口超过出口近4亿美元的差额。
4. So far most American and otherforeign attempts have bogged down in the Greek government’s red tape andshrewdness about small points.
【参考译文】到目前为止由于希腊政府那种繁琐而又拖拉的公务程序和对小事的精明，大多数美国和其他国家的尝试的工作都陷入困境。
5. They were hopelessly deadlockedin almost total differences of opinion and outlook.
【参考译文】他们绝望地陷于意见和观点完全分歧的僵局之中。
6. And the advent of jets has madeAthens as accessible as Paris and Rome – without the sky-high prices of trafficchocked streets of either.
【参考译文】喷气式飞机的发展使雅典和巴黎、罗马一样很容易到达，却没有那两个城市的交通堵塞的接到的高昂代价。

写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇以过去和现在对比的手法，论述了希腊经济，主要是旅游业的发展。过去，希腊以无形资产赢得之利润，来消除赤字，还可稍有节余。但贫穷、事业情况严重，政府办事拖拉、繁琐也影响国外的投资，虽然早在1956年就准备扩展旅游业，但意见分歧。现在，情况大变，就旅游一项年收入由3100万增至9000万美元。

答案详解
1. B 希腊经济形式的改善。文章围绕这一中心而写。文章一开始就提出希腊出口除了农产品之外，没有什么东西，而无形资产如旅游、运输和国外的汇款等可挣得37500万美元。两项加在一起来抵消入超赤字近4亿美元，稍有结余。第三段指出，希腊是自由欧洲最穷的国家，许多农民年收入为60－70美元。失业现象席卷城市乡镇，建立工业基地的自然资源极少。政府的繁琐事务程序，关注琐事等情况使美国和其他国家试图展开工作陷于停滞状态。第四段开始指出1956年起开拓旅游业，不过意见还是分歧。第五断提出今天惊人的变化，美丽的历史古城呈现新貌，就旅游一项收入由3100万增至9000万美元。旅馆面貌大变。
A.希腊的收支。C.旅游的价值。D.军事费用。
2. B少于2美元一星期。文章第三段第三句：最佳情况，年收入为60－70美元使大多数农民的份额。所以B项最接近年收入。
A.60美元一星期。C.一天一美元。D.一个月10美元。
3. A 百分之25以上用于军事。第二段：虽然四个德拉克马中有一个用于国防，政府最终还稍有结余――6600万美元。
B.比收入的还多。C.十亿金子中的三分之一。D.少于百分之25。
4. C单一大党。第二段：希腊的政府不依靠水火不相容的政党之间的合作来取得一会的多数席位，这说明是单一大党。
A.独裁、专政。B.君主政体。D.太多的繁琐程序。
5. A总计几乎在7亿美元左右。第一段中提到希腊出口商品价值28500万美元，而进口超出出口4亿美元。两者相加为6亿2千5百万美元，相当于几乎在7亿美元左右。
B.和出口平衡。C.由旅游者支付。D.花费6600万美元。

Passage Nine

(The Program-Federal Government HelpsMinority Business)

Federal efforts to aidminority businesses began in the 1960’s when the Small Business Administration(SBA) began making federally guaranteed loans and government-sponsoredmanagement and technical assistance available to minority business enterprises.While this program enabled many minority entrepreneurs to form new businesses,the results were disappointing, since managerial inexperience, unfavorablelocations, and capital shortages led to high failure rates. Even 15 years afterthe program was implemented, minority business receipts were not quite twopercent of the national economy’s total receipts.

Recently federalpolicymakers have adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of theminority business sector by moving away from directly ai谢谢 small minorityenterprises and toward supporting large, growth-oriented minority firms throughintermediary companies. In this approach, large corporations participate in thedevelopment of successful and stable minority businesses by making use ofgovernment-sponsored venture capital. The capital is used by a participatingcompany to establish a Minority Enterprise Small Businesses that have potentialto become future suppliers of customers of the sponsoring company.

MESBIC’s are the resultof the belief that provi谢谢 established firms with easier access to relevantmanagement techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantialamounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop soundbusiness foundations than does simply making general management experience andsmall amounts of capital available. Further, since potential markets for theminority businesses already exist through the sponsoring companies, theminority businesses face considerably less risk in terms of location and marketfluctuation. Following early financial and operating problems, sponsoringcorporations began to capitalize MESBIC’s far above the legal minimum of$500,000 in order to generate sufficient income and to sustain the quality ofmanagement needed. MESBIC’s are now emerging as increasingly importantfinancing sources for minority enterprises.

Ironically, MESBICstaffs, which usually consist of Hispanic and Black professionals, tend toapproach investments in minority firms more pragmatically than do many MESBICdirectors, who are usually senior managers from sponsoring corporations. Thelatter often still think mainly in terms of the ‘social responsibilityapproach’ and thus seem to prefer deals that are riskier and less attractivethan normal investment criteria would warrant. Such differences in viewpointhave produced uneasiness among many minority staff members, who feel thatminority entrepreneurs and businesses should be judged by established businessconsiderations. These staff members believe their point of view is closer tothe original philosophy of MESBIC’s and they are concerned that, unless a moreprudent course if followed, MESBIC directors may revert to policies likely tore-create the disappointing results of the original SBA approach.

1. Which of the following beststates the central idea of the passage?
[A] The use of MESBIC’s for ai谢谢 minority entrepreneurs seems to have greaterpotential for success than does the original SBA approach.
[B] There is a crucial difference in point of view between the staff and directorsof some MESBIC’s.
[C] After initial problems with management and marketing, minority businesseshave begun to expand at a steady rate.
[D] Minority entrepreneurs wishing to form new businesses now have severalequally successful federal programs on which to rely.

2. Accor谢谢 to the passage, theMESBIC approach differ s from the SBA approach in that MESBIC’s
[A] seek federal contracts to provide market for minority businesses.
[B] Encourage minority businesses to provide markets for other minority businesses.
[C] Attempt to maintain a specified rate of growth in the minority businesssector.
[D] Rely on the participation of large corporations to finance minoritybusinesses.

3. Which of the followingstatements about the SBA program can be inferred from the passage?
[A] The maximum term for loans made to recipient businesses was 15 years.
[B] Business loans were considered to be more useful to recipient businessesthan was management and technical assistance.
[C] The anticipated failure rate for recipient businesses was significantlylower than the rate that actually resulted.
[D] Recipient businesses were encouraged to relocate to areas more favorablefor business development.

4. The author refers to the‘financial and operating problems’ encountered by MESBIC’s primarily in orderto
[A] broaden the scope of the discussion to include the legal considerations offun谢谢 MESBIC’s through sponsoring companies.
[B] call attention to the fact that MESBIC’s must receive adequate fun谢谢 inorder to function effectively.
[C] show that sponsoring companies were willing to invest only $500,000 ofgovernment-sponsored venture capital in the original MESBIC’s.
[D] Compare SBA and MESBIC limits on minimum fun谢谢.

5. It can be inferred from thepassage that the attitude of some MESBIC staff member toward the investmentspreferred by some MESBIC directors can be best described as
[A] disappointing.
[B] Indifferent.
[C] Shocked.
[D] Defensive.

Vocabulary
1. implement 执行，履行
2. growth-oriented 增长潜力的，有发展性的
3. intermediary company 中介公司，中间公司
4. venture capital 风险资本
5. entrepreneur 企业家，创业者
6. fluctuation 波动，涨落，起伏
7. pragmatically 实用地

引用:

原帖由 garnett_wu 于 2006-12-1 10:00 发表
Passage Nine (The Program-Federal Government HelpsMinority Business)
Federal efforts to aidminority businesses began in the 1960’s when the Small Business Administration(SBA) began makin ...

第9篇答案：

难句译注
1. Even 15 years after the programwas implemented minority business receipts were not quite two percent of thenational economy’s total receipts.
【参考译文】甚至在这个计划执行后15年，少数民族工业的收入还不到全国总收入的2％。
2. Recently federal policy makershave adopted an approach intended to accelerate development of the supportinglarge, growth oriented minority firms through intermediary companies.
【参考译文】最近，联邦决策者采取一项措施，旨在加速少数民族工商业的发展，他们不再直接帮助小型的少数民族企业，而是转向通过中间公司来支持规模较大、有发展潜力的少数民族公司。
3. By making use ofgovernment-sponsored venture capital.
利用政府资助的风险资本。
4. The MESBIC then providescapital and guidance to minority businesses that have potential to becomefuture suppliers or customers of the sponsoring company.
【参考译文】然后再由MESBIC向那些少数民族企业提供资金、进行指导。这些企业是有成为赞助公司的未来供应商或客户的潜力的。
5. MESBIC – minority enterprisesmall business investment company
少数民族小型企业投资公司。
6. MESBIC’s are the result of thebelief that provi谢谢 established firms with easier access to relevantmanagement techniques and more job-specific experience, as well as substantialamounts of capital, gives those firms a greater opportunity to develop soundbusiness foundations than does simply making general management experience andsmall amounts of capital available.
【参考译文】MESBIC的建立基于这种信念：为已建公司提供方便，使它更容易获得相关的管理技术更具体的工作经验以及大笔资金要比简单地给予一般管理经验和小笔资金更能使它们获得机会去建立稳固的商业基础。
7. The latter often still thinkmainly in terms of the ‘social responsibility approach’ and thus seem to preferdeals that are riskier and less attractive than normal investment criteriawould warrant.
【参考译文】后者――高级经理们――在有大多数情况下，仍然常常从“社会责任的角度”来考虑问题，因此，他们似乎更倾向于选择那些比正常投资标准更具风险性，而不太引人注目的项目。

写作方法与文章大意
文章主要采用因果以及对比的写作方法。先点出SBA计划――联邦政府对少数民族去也的赞助（）的失败及其原因。
为此，联邦决策者改变方法，通过中介公司，建立MESBIC。由它来帮助少数民族企业――使其获得相应的管理技术、具体工作经验和大量资金，甚至潜在的市场――取得了成功。
可内部存在问题，MESBIC的职工和领导者之间的意见分歧，职工的投资观点更切实际，而领导者仍从“社会责任的角度”来考虑问题，若不改变，有可能重蹈SBA之覆辙。

答案详解
1. A 运用MESBIC来帮助少数民族企业似乎比原来SBA的方法更具成功的可能性。文章一开始就点名SBA（小型企业管理局）向少数民族企业提供联邦保证贷款，政府资助管理和技术方面的帮助，结果令人失望。组建成的少数民族新企业由于管理上缺乏经验、地点不佳、资金短缺而导致失败的情况很多。其他见难句译注1、2、3。总之在MESBIC支持下：为它的潜在市场提供大量资金等，使它们在地点和市场流通方面风险小的多，从而带来足够的收入和保持所需的管理质量。这一切都说明MESBIC比SBA的成功可能性大。
B.MESBIC中的领导者和职工方面在观点上有着至关重要的分歧。C.经历了早期管理和市场问题后，少数民族企业已开始稳步发展。D.希望组建新公司的少数民族企业家已有好几个成功的联邦计划可依靠。
2. D 依靠打工四向少数民族企业投资。见第二段第二句：大公司利用政府资助的风险资本参与成功而又稳固的少数民族企业的发展。参与的大公司用这笔资金建立了“少数民族小型企业投资公司”（MESBIC）
A.寻求为少数民族企业提供市场联邦合同。B.鼓励少数民族企业为其他少数民族企业提供市场。C.试图在少数民族部门保持特定的增长率。
3. C 预期加入SBA项目中的公司的失败率比实际失败率低得多。文内没有直接点出，而是从（见第一题注释）SBA帮助的企业失败率很高――令人失望，从而推断C项结论。
A.给企业贷款最高期限为15年。B.商业贷款对企业来说远笔管理和技术帮助重要。D.鼓励接受贷款企业重新寻找利于企业发展的地区。
4. B 为的是引人注意这一实际情况：MESBIC必须取得足够的资金才能有效地运转。这在第三段最后一句：在经历了早期财政和运行问题后，赞助公司给MESBIC注入的资金远远超过了50万美元的法定最低限额，以获得足够的收入并保持所需的管理质量。MESBIC现在正成为日益重要的少数民族企业的资金来源。这说明没有足够的资金是难以有效运转的。
A.扩大讨论范围以包括通过赞助公司投资MESBIC的合理性。C.表明赞助公司愿意在原来的MESBIC只投资50万政府资助的风险资本。D.对比SBA和MESBIC最低投资限额。
5. A 失望。文章最后一段MESBIC的职工――一般是拉美和黑人专业人员在少数民族公司的投资上比MEBSIC的领导者更切实际。这些高级经理从社会责任角度看问题，会选择更具风险性，不太吸引人的项目。观点分歧使许多少数民族职工感到不安，他们认为应以公司的业务爆出来评价少数民族企业家及其企业。者充分说明MEBSIC的职工对领导所青睐的投资项目不满意和失望。
B.漠不关心。C.震惊。D.持保留态度。

Passage Ten

(TheImportance of Independent Thinking)

No one can bea great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first dutyto follow her intellect to whateverconclusions it may lead. Truth gains more even by the errors of one who withdue study and preparation, thinks for himself, than by the true opinions ofthose who only hold them because they do not suffer themselves to think. Nothat it is solely, of chiefly, to form great thinkers that freedom of thinkingis required. One the contrary, it is as much or even more indispensable toenable average human beings to attain the mental stature which they are capableof. There have been and many again be great individual thinkers in a generalatmosphere of mental slavery. But there never has been, nor ever will be, inthat atmosphere an intellectually active people. Where any of heterodoxspeculation was for a time suspended, where there is a tacit convention thatprinciples are not to be disputed: where the discussion of the greatestquestions which can occupy humanity is considered to be closed, we cannot hopeto find that generally high scale of mental activity which has made someperiods of history so remarkable. Never when controversy avoided the subjectswhich are large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of apeople stirred up fro9m its foundationand the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinary intellectto something of the dignity of thinking beings.

She who knowsonly her own side of the case knows little of that. Her reasons may be food,and no one may have been able to refute them. But if she s equally unable torefute the reasons of the opposite side; if she does not so much as know whatthey are, she has no ground for preferring either opinion. The rationalposition for her would be suspension of judgment, and unless she contentsherself with that, she is either led by authority, or adopts, like thegenerality of the world the side to which she feels the most inclination. Noris it enough that she should heat the arguments of adversaries from her ownteachers, presented as they state them, and accompanied by what they offer asrefutations, That is not the way to do justice to the arguments, or bring theminto real contact with her own mind. She must be able to hear them form personswho actually believe them; who defend them in earnest, and do their very utmostfor them. She must know them in their most plausible and persuasive form; shemust feel the whole force of the difficulty which the true view of the subjecthas to encounter and dispose of; else she will never really possess herself ofthe portion of truth which meets and removes that difficulty. Ninety-nine in ahundred of what are called educated persons are in this condition; even ofthose who can argue fluently for their opinions. Their conclusion may be true,but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselvesinto the mental position of those who think differently form them andconsidered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, inany proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.

1. The best title for this passageis
[A] The Age of Reason [B] The need for IndependentThinking
[C] The Value of Reason [D] Stirring People’s Minds

2. Accor谢谢 to the author, it isalways advisable to
[A] have opinions which cannot be refuted.
[B] adopt the point of view to which one feels themost inclination.
[C] be acquainted with the arguments favoring thepoint of view with which one disagrees,
[D] suspend heterodox speculation in favor ofdoctrinaire approaches.

3. Accor谢谢 to the author, in agreat period such as the Renaissance we may expect to find
[A] acceptance of truth [B] controversy over principles
[C] inordinate enthusiasm [D] a dread of heterodox speculation

4. Accor谢谢 to the author, theperson who holds orthodox beliefs without examination may be described in allof the following ways EXCEPT as
[A] enslaved by tradition [B] less than fully rational
[C] determinded on controversy [D] having a closed mind

5. It can be inferred from thepassage that the author would be most likely to agree with which of thefollowing statements
[A] A truly great thinker makes no mistakes.
[B] Periods of intellectual achievement are periodsof unorthodox reflection,
[C] The refutation of accepted ideas can best be provided by one’s own teachers.
[D] excessive controversy prevents clear thinking,

Vocabulary
1. stature 高度，境界，状况
2. heterodox 不合乎公认的标准的，异端的，异教的
3. tacit 心照不宣
4. refute 反驳
5. adversary 对立面，对手，敌人
6. plausible 善于花言巧语的/辞令的，似乎有理的/有可能的
7. doctrine 教义，学说
8. profess 表示，明言，承认，自称，信奉

引用:

原帖由 garnett_wu 于 2006-12-3 13:52 发表

Passage Ten

(TheImportance of Independent Thinking)


No one can bea great thinker who does not realize that as a thinker it is her first dutyto follow her intellect to whateve ...

第10 片答案：

难句译注
1. True gains more even by theerrors of one who with due study and preparation, thinks for himself, then bythe true opinions of those who only hold them because they do not sufferthemselves to think.
[参考译文] 真理甚至从一个经过恰当研究和准备进行独立思考的人的错误中获得更多的东西，而从那些只是因为不予思考却持有正确的观点中获得的少（一种经过恰当的研究和准备进行独立思考的人犯的错误，另一种人是不予思考的却持有正确的观点，真理从前者错误中获得的东西比从后者的正确观点中获得的要多）。
2. mental slavery 思想禁锢，精神受奴役状态
3. Never when controversy avoided the subjects whichare large and important enough to kindle enthusiasm was the mind of a people stirred up from itsfoundation and the impulse given which raised even persons of the most ordinaryintellect to something of the dignity of thinking beings.
[结构简析] 这是一句以Never否定词开头的倒装句，正常的句序应把never放在句中，形成：the mind of people was neverstirred up from its foundations
[参考译文] 当辩论比开重大课题，重大到足以燃起/激起人们激/热情的课题时，那么一个民族的思想绝不会从天赋的情感和原始的基础上升华，甚至使最普通智力的人上升到优点庄严的思想家水平上。
4. The rational position for herwould be suspension of judgement, and unless she contents herself with that,she is either led by authority, or adopts, like the generality of the world,the side to which she feels the most inclination.
[参考译文] 对她来说理智的立场是停止判断，而且除非她满足于这一点，否则，她不是为权威人物的观点所左右，后者就像世界上芸芸众生一样，倒向她感觉最倾向的一边。
5. That is not the way to dojustice to the arguments, or bring them into teal contact with her own mind.
[结构简析] do justice to 公平对待，适当处理。 Bring……into contact with 　使和……接触／联系。
[参考译文] 这不是对正确观点评价的方法，也不能使自己的思想真正接触到论点的实质。
6. She must know them in theirmost plausible and persuasive form; she must feel the whole force of thedifficulty which the true view of the subject has to encounter and dispose of;else she will never really possess herself of the portion of truth which meetsand removes that difficulty.
[结构简析] most plausible andpersuasive form 很善于辞令和有说服力形式。　　possess oneself of 获得，据有，把……占为己有。　　them=arguments。　else　　否则的话。
7. Their conclusion may be true,but it might be false for anything they know; they have never thrown themselvesinto the mental position of those who think differently form them andconsidered what such persons may have to say; and consequently they do not, inany proper sense of the word, know the doctrines which they themselves profess.
[结构简析] throw oneself into…position 设身处地，使自己处于……位置／地点。

写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇由一般到具体，重要采用正反对比，推理的写作方法的文章，逻辑性强，正反论证，句子结构复杂冗长，分两段给出内容，第一段重点在：伟大的思想家的首要责任是奠定遵循自己智力所得出的结论。由此引起思想家和思想活跃的人民同时代环境的关系。只有思想后月的时期，才有伟大的思想家和活跃的人民，因为他们可以讨论重大主题，而在思想禁锢时期，只能产生个别伟大思想家。第二段具体的论证了独立思考涉及两方面，既如自己一方种种，也得知对手的一方种种（内容，推理，论点），才能真正获得真理。

答案详解
１. B 独立思考的必要性。见难句译注１。这里说明进行独立思考的人即使犯错误，真理也能从中获得东西，而那些懒于思考人，即使持有正确的观点，真理也难以获得东西。第一段还点明思想禁锢时期，即不能进行独立思考时期，难以讨论重大议题，产生不了活跃的人民，绝不会出现像辉煌的文艺复兴那种时期（见第二题注）。第二段也是围绕独立思考而写，只是从具体点着眼：人只知自己，不知对方无法获得真理，只有独立思考两方，才能不为权威所左右，不会跟着自己感觉走，最终知道自己的真正主张。
A. 理性时代。　　C.　驳斥的价值。　　D. 激发人民的思想。
２. C 熟悉有利于自己不同意／反对观点的论点。这是作者在第二段讲述的重要论点。他认为一个人只知自己一方，推理极好，无人能反驳，却不知对方的推理，也不能够予以反驳的话，他就无权选择两方的任一论点，其理智位置是停止判断。否则她就会（像世界上芸芸众生那样）不是为权威所“引导”，就是跟着感觉（的倾向）走。其二，作者提出：光听自己的老师讲述对立面的论点，以及他们所提出的反驳论点。只是不够的，必须倾听那些人（他们真正相信对立的观点）的论点，并为此积极热情，竭尽全力辩护，才能使自己的思想和独立论点接触，公正的作出公正的判断。
A. 具有不能驳斥的观点。　　B. 采取个人感觉最倾向的观点。D. 停止有利于教条主义研究的异端思考。
３. B 辩论原则问题。答案在第一段：在思想禁锢的气氛中，过去，现在可能会产生个别的思想家，但绝不会有思想活跃的人民，在那里有一种心照不宣的惯律：原则决不能讨论——认为占据人类心灵的最重大问题的讨论应封闭，我们不能期望看到一般高级的思想活动。这种思想活动曾使历史上某些时期光辉灿烂。而文艺复兴就是思想活动的谢谢峰时期，必然会讨论原则问题，所以选B 。
A. 接受真理，周经过讨论才能接受真理。　C. 过度的热情。 D. 害怕异端思考。
４. C.　在辩论上，坚定不移。这是一道推断题，一般讲：持有未经检验的正统信仰的人不会独立思考，更不会怀疑他所信仰的东西。
A. 为传统所奴役。　B. 不怎么理智。　D. 头脑闭塞。这种人必然受传统思想控制，不理智更不愿接受外界新鲜事物。
５. B. 在思想方面取得成就的时期就是进行非正统反思的时期。见３题注释。
A. 一个真正的思想家不犯错误。　C. 一个人的老师最能提供所接受思想观点的反驳。　D. 过度的辩论会制止清晰的思考。

PassageEleven

(The Affect of Electricity on Cancer)

Can electricity causecancer? In a society that literally runs on electric power, the very idea seemspreposterous. But for more than a decade, a growing band of scientists andjournalists has pointed to studies that seem to link exposure toelectromagnetic fields with increased risk of leukemia and other malignancies.The implications are unsettling, to say the least, since everyone comes intocontact with such fields, which are generated by everything electrical, frompower lines and antennas to personal computers and micro-wave ovens. Becauseevidence on the subject is inconclusive and often contradictory, it has beenhard to decide whether concern about the health effects of electricity islegitimate—or the worst kind of paranoia.

Now the alarmists havegained some qualified support from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Inthe executive summary of a new scientific review, released in draft form latelast week, the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious governmentwarning to date. The agency tentatively concludes that scientific evidence“suggests a casual link” between extremely low-frequency electromagneticfields—those having very longwave-lengths—and leukemia, lymphoma and braincancer, While the report falls short of classifying ELF fields as probablecarcinogens, it does identify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “apossible, but not proven, cause of cancer in humans.”

The report is no reason topanic—or even to lost sleep. If there is a cancer risk, it is a small one. Theevidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal ofdebate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strongobjections from the Pentagon and the Whit House. But now no one can deny thatthe issue must be taken seriously and that much more research is needed.

At the heart of the debate is a simple andwell-understood physical phenomenon: When an electric current passes through awire, tit generates an electromagnetic field that exerts forces on surroun谢谢objects, For many years, scientists dismissed any suggestion that such forcesmight be harmful, primarily because they are so extraordinarily weak. The ELFmagnetic field generated by a video terminal measures only a few milligauss, orabout one-hundredth the strength of the earth’s own magnetic field, The electricfields surroun谢谢 a power line can be as high as 10 kilovolts per meter, butthe correspon谢谢 field induced in human cells will be only about 1 millivoltper meter. This is far less than the electric fields that the cells themselvesgenerate.

How could such minuscule forces pose a health danger?The consensus used to be that they could not, and for decades scientistsconcentrated on more powerful kinds of radiation, like X-rays, that packsufficient wallop to knock electrons out of the molecules that make up thehuman body. Such “ionizing” radiations have been clearly linked to increasedcancer risks and there are regulations to control emissions.
But epidemiological studies, which find statisticalassociations between sets of data, do not prove cause and effect. Though thereis a body of laboratory work showing that exposure to ELF fields can havebiological effects on animal tissues, a mechanism by which those effects couldlead to cancerous growths has never been found.

The Pentagon is for from persuaded. In a blistering33-page critique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authorswith having “biased the entire document” toward proving a link. “Our reviewersare convinced that there is no suggestion that (electromagnetic fields) presentin the environment induce or promote cancer,” the Air Force concludes. “It isastonishing that the EPA would lend its imprimatur on this report.” ThenPentagon’s concern is understandable. There is hardly a unit of the modernmilitary that does not depend on the heavy use of some kind of electronicequipment, from huge ground-based radar towers to the defense systems builtinto every warship and plane.

1. The main idea of this passageis
[A]. studies on the cause of cancer
[B]. controversial view-points in the cause of cancer
[C]. the relationship between electricity and cancer.
[D]. different ideas about the effect of electricityon caner.
2. The view-point of the EPA is
[A]. there is casual link between electricity andcancer.
[B]. electricity really affects cancer.
[C]. controversial.
[D].low frequency electromagnetic field is a possiblecause of cancer

3. Why did the Pentagon and WhitHouse object to the release of the report? Because
[A]. it may stir a great deal of debate among theBush Administration.
[B]. every unit of the modern military has dependedon the heavy use of some kind of electronic equipment.
[C]. the Pentagon’s concern was understandable.
[D]. they had different arguments.

4. It can be inferred fromphysical phenomenon
[A]. theforce of the electromagnetic field is too weak to be harmful.
[B]. the force of the electromagnetic field is weakerthan the electric field that the cells generate.
[C]. electromagnetic field may affect health.
[D]. only more powerful radiation can knock electronout of human body.

5. What do you think ordinarycitizens may do after rea谢谢 the different arguments?
[A].They areindifferent. [B]. They areworried very much.
[C]. The mayexercise prudent avoidance. [C].They are shocked.

Vocabulary
1. preposterous 反常的，十分荒谬的，乖戾的
2. leukemia 白血病
3. malignancy 恶性肿瘤
4. legitimate 合法的，合理的
5. paranoia 偏执狂，妄想狂。这里指：无根据的担心。
6. lymphoma 淋巴瘤
7. carcinogen 致癌物
8. minuscule 很小的，很不重要
9. consensus 舆论
10. wallop 乱窜，猛冲，冲击力
11. epidemiological 流行病学的
12. blistering 罗嗦的，胡扯的
13. critique 评论，批评
14. imprimatur 出版许可（官方审查后的），批准

难句译注
1. Because evidence on the subjectis inconclusive and often contradictory, it has been hard to decide whetherconcern about the health effects of electricity is legitimate—or the worst kindof paranoia.
[参考译文] 由于这问题的证据还不是结论性的，而且常常是矛盾的，所以就难以断定有关电力对身体的影响的顾虑是合乎情理，还是毫无根据的怀疑。
2. EPA——U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency 美国环境保护署
3． While the report falls short (缺乏，不够) of classifying ELF fields as probable carcinogens, it doesidentify the common 60-hertz magnetic field as “a possible, but not proven,cause of cancer in humans.”
[参考译文] 虽然报告没有把极低频磁场归类为可能致癌物，但它确实指出通常60赫兹的磁场是“一种虽尚未证实，但可能导致人患癌症的因素。”

4． The evidence is still so controversial that the draft stirred a great deal ofdebate within the Bush Administration, and the EPA released it over strongobjections from the Pentagon and the Whit House
[参考译文] 证据争议性仍然很大，所以报告草案在布什政府内引起巨大的争辩，而环保署无视无角大楼和白宫的强烈反对，公布了这份报告。
5. This is far less than theelectric fields that the cells themselves generate.
[参考译文] 这远比细胞所产生的电磁场低的多。
6. …and for decades scientists concentrated on more powerful kinds ofradiation, like X-rays, that pack sufficient wallop to knock electrons out ofthe molecules that make up the human body.
[参考译文]　而且几十年来，科学家专注于更为强大的辐射类别，如Ｘ光射线，其聚合的冲击力足以把电子从组成人体的分子中撞出来。
7. But epidemiological studies,which find statistical associations between sets of data, do not prove causeand effect.
[参考译文] 可是流行病学的研究发现，几组资料在数据方面有所关联，却没有证实其因果关系。
8. a body of laboratorywork 一批研究成果。
9. In a blistering 33-pagecritique of the EPA report, Air Force scientists charge its authors with having“biased the entire document” toward proving a link.
[参考译文] 在长达33页的对环保署文件的十分尖锐的批评中，空军方面的科学家指责，作者歪曲整个文件以证明癌症和电磁场之间的关联。
10. It is astonishing that the EPAwould lend its imprimatur on this report.
[参考译文] 令人惊讶的是环保署竟然批准许可这份报告的出笼。

写作方法与文章大意
文章以问答的方式，对比的写作方法，写出了围绕电力是否影响健康——是否致癌因素的两种观点，及其观点的依据。一种是美国环境保护署为代表的：极低频磁场是一种可能但还未被证实的致癌因素，而且无视白宫和五角大楼反对，公布了这份报告。理由是科学证据提出了两者之间的关联偶然性。另一种以空军中科学家为主的观点：电磁场不会诱发或触发癌症，而且以歪曲整个文件来证明两者之关系，批评了环保署。其理由人人皆知。因军队中任一单位都有点——从地面雷达到舰艇飞机防卫系统。

答案祥解
1. D 电力对癌症影响的不同观点。文章一开始就提出了“电会致癌吗？”这个问题。十多年来，一大批科学家和新闻界人士都指出：研究结果似乎表示：接触电磁场可能会增加患白血病和其他恶性肿瘤的危险性。所以说到目前为止还难以确定电力对健康的影响究竟是理性的，还是杞人忧天。见难句注释1。第二段公布了环保署的报告，见难句注释3。第三段说明：即使有致癌危险也是极微的。但应予以认真对待，进行更多的研究。而第七段中空军方面的科学家还没有被说服（见难句注释9），明确提出，我们的评论员认为没有迹象说明环境中存在的电力会诱发或促发癌症。
A. 对致癌因素的研究。 B. 致癌原因方面有争议的观点，这两项根本部队，和文内电力毫无关系。 C. 电力和癌症的关系，文中涉及的是电力究竟会不会致癌的两种观点，而不是两者之关系。
2. A. 电和致癌有一定难以确定的关系。答案在第二段第三句，环保署目前的结论是据科学证据指出极低频电磁场——具有长波的电磁场——和白血病，淋巴瘤及脑癌之间有着难以确定的联系，见难句注释3。
A. 电确实致癌，不对。 C. 有争议的。说的不够清楚，争议什么。 D. 低频磁场是一个可能致癌因素。这只是论点的一面。
3. B. 现代军事的任何部门都一直依赖于应用大量应用电子设备。五角大楼和白宫所以反对环保署公布报告之理由就在此。空军方面的专家所以说环保署方面的报告“歪曲了整个文件以证明两者之间的关系”也在此。见难句注释4。所以文内说“角大楼的关注是可以理解的。”
A. 报告会在布什政府内引起大规模的辩论，这是结果。 C. 五角大楼的关注是可以理解的，这不是原因。 D. 他们有不同的观点。
4. 磁场力太弱不会产生有害作用。答案在第四段第二，三句，当电流通过电缆，产生磁场，对周围物体产生（影响）力。许多年来，科学家把任何有关“这些力可能有害的想法”置于一边（不予考虑），主要是因为它们（所产生的力）非常弱。
B. 磁场力比细胞产生的电磁场弱。只是明确指出的事实。 C. 磁场力对人的健康有害。不对。 D. 只有更强的辐射才能把人体中的电子击出来。不对。
5. C. 他们会采取谨慎小心避开电器的途径。因为他们不可能象A项那样漠不关心。这种问题直接影响人的生命。
B. 他们非常担忧。 D. 他们感到震惊，这两项都不可能，因为还在争议中，唯一的途径是尽量避开和电器接触。

Passage Twelve

(Religion and Rationality)

Yet the difference in tomeand language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: thatchange should remind us that even if the function of religion and that ofreason coincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very differentorgans. Religions are many, reason one. Religion consists of conscious ideas,hopes, enthusiasms, and objects of worship; it operates by grace and flourishesby prayer. Reason, on the other hand, is a mere principle or potential order,on which indeed we may come to reflect but which exists in us ideally only, withoutvariation or stress of any kind. We conform or do not conform to it; it doesnot urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part other than thosenaturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in their true natureand proportion. Religion brings some order into life by weighting it with newmaterials. Reason adds to the natural materials only the perfect order which itintroduces into them. Rationality is nothing but a form, an ideal constitutionwhich experience may more or less embody. Religion is a part of experienceitself, a mass of sentiments and ideas. The one is an inviolate principle, theother a changing and struggling force. And yet this struggling and changingforce of religion seems to direct man toward something eternal. It seems tomake for an ultimate harmony within the soul and for an ultimate harmonybetween the soul and all that the soul depends upon. Religion, in its intent,is a more conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society,science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively andpiecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justificationof the instinctive aims. Religion also has an instinctive and blind side andbubbles up in all manner of chance practices and intuitions; soon, however, itfeels its way toward the heart of things, and from whatever quarter it maycome, veers in the direction of the ultimate.

Nevertheless, we mustconfess that this religious pursuit of the Life of Reason has been singularlyabortive. Those within the pale of each religion may prevail upon themselves,to express satisfaction with its results, thanks to a fond partiality inreading the past and generous draughts of hope for the future; but any oneregarding the various religions at once and comparing their achievements withwhat reason requires, must feel how terrible is the disappointment which theyhave one and all prepared for mankind. Their chief anxiety has been to offerimaginary remedies for mortal ills, some of which are incurable essentially,while others might have been really cured by well-directed effort. The Greedoracles, for instance, pretended to heal out natural ignorance, which has itsappropriate though difficult cure, while the Christian vision of heavenpretended to be an antidote to our natural death—the inevitable correlate ofbirth and of a changing and conditioned existence. By methods of this sortlittle can be done for the real betterment of life. To confuse intelligence anddislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuinghappiness. Nature is soon avenged. An unhealthy exaltation and a one-sidedmorality have to be followed by regrettable reactions. When these come. Thereal rewards of life may seem vain to a relaxed vitality, and the very name ofvirtue may irritate young spirits untrained in and natural excellence. Thusreligion too often debauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes thescience it ought to fulfill.

What is the secret of thisineptitude? Why does religion, so near to rationality in its purpose, fall soshort of it in its results? The answer is easy; religion pursues rationalitythrough the imagination. When it explains events or assigns causes, it is animaginative substitute for science. When it gives precepts, insinuates ideals,or remoulds aspiration, it is an imaginative substitute for wisdom—I mean forthe deliberate and impartial pursuit of all food. The condition and the aims oflife are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends toarrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which itpossesses. Hence the depth and importance of religion becomes intelligible noless than its contradictions and practical disasters. Its object is the same asthat of reason, but its method is to proceed by intuition and by uncheckedpoetical conceits.

1. As used in the passage, theauthor would define “wisdom” as
[A]. the pursuit of rationality through imagination.
[B]. an unemotional search for the truth.
[C]. a purposeful and unbiased quest for what isbest.
[D]. a short-sighted way of pursuing happiness

2. Which of the followingstatements is NOT TRUE?
[A]. Religion seeks the truth through imagination,reason, in its search, utilizes the emotions.
[B]. Religion has proved an ineffective tool insolving man’s problems.
[C]. Science seeks a piece meal solution to man’squestions.
[D]. The functions of philosophy and reason are thesame.

3. According to the author,science differs from religion in that
[A]. it is unaware of ultimate goals. [B]. it is unimaginative.
[C]. its findings are exact and final. [D]. it resembles society andart.

4. The author states that religiondiffers from rationality in that
[A]. it relies on intuition rather than reasoning .
[B]. it is not concerned with the ultimatejustification of its instinctive aims.
[C]. it has disappointed mankind.
[D]. it has inspired mankind.

5. According to the author, thepursuit of religion has proved to be
[A]. imaginative. [B]. a provider of hope for the future.
[C]. a highly intellectual activity [D]. ineffectual.

Vocabulary
1. grace 恩赐，仁慈，感化，感思祷告
2. chide 责备
3. sentiment 情感
4. inviolate 不受侵犯的，纯洁的
5. intent 意义，含义
6. piecemeal 一件件，逐渐的，零碎的
7. bubble up 起泡，沸腾，兴奋
8. veer 改变方向，转向
9. abortive 夭折的，失败的，中断的，流产的。
10. pale 范围，界限
11. draught 要求
12. oracle 神谕宣誓，预言，圣言
13. antidote 解毒药，矫正方法
14. correlate 相互关系
15. dislocate 使离开原来位置，打乱正常秩序
16. gratuitous 无偿的，没有理由的。
17. debauch 使失落，放荡
18. sanction 支持，鼓励，认可
19. impede 妨碍，制止
20. ineptitude 不恰当，无能，愚蠢
21. insinuate 暗示
22. remould 重塑，重铸
23. aspiration 抱负，壮志
24. arrogate 没来由反把……归于（to ）
25. literal 朴实的，字面的
26. intelligible 可以理解的。
27. conceit 幻想，奇想

引用:

原帖由 garnett_wu 于 2006-12-5 16:19 发表

Passage Twelve


(Religion and Rationality)


Yet the difference in tomeand language must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: thatchange should remind us that even if ...

难句译注
1. Yet the difference in tome andlanguage must strike us, so soon as it is philosophy that speaks: that changeshould remind us that even if the function of religion and that of reasoncoincide, this function is performed in the two cases by very different organs.
[参考译文] 可是音调和语言的差异必然很快的给我们深刻的印象，就象哲学所说的那样：那种差异应提乡我们，即使宗教的功能和理性的功能恰好相符的话，其功能也是通过不同的器官在两种不同的情况下完成的。
2. Reason, on the other hand, is amere principle or potential order, on which indeed we may come to reflect butwhich exists in us ideally only, without variation or stress of any kind.
[参考译文] 另一方面，理性知识一种原则或者是潜在的秩序，我们确实可以在此基础上存在于我们心中，没有种种变化，或任何压力。
3. We conform or do not conform toit; it does not urge or chide us, not call for any emotions on our part otherthan those naturally aroused by the various objects which it unfolds in theirtrue nature and proportion.
[参考译文] 不论我们是否遵循理性，它不会极力或责备我们，除了以事物的本来面目和比例揭示各种事物而自然而然的激起我们的感情，它并不需要我们付出任何感情。
4. Religion, in its intent, is amore conscious and direct pursuit of the Life of Reason than is society,science, or art, for these approach and fill out the ideal life tentatively andpiecemeal, hardly regarding the foal or caring for the ultimate justificationof the instinctive aims.
[参考译文] 宗教在其意义上，比社会，科学，艺术更自觉，更直接的追求“理性生活”，因为这些东西（社会，科学，艺术）暂时而又零星的接近和填补理想的生活，无视目的，也不管其本能的目标是否最终证明正确。
5. one and all 各个都，全部
1. Those within the pale of eachreligion may prevail upon themselves, to express satisfaction with its results,thanks to a fond partiality in reading the past and generous draughts of hopefor the future; but any one regarding the various religions at once andcomparing their achievements with what reason requires, must feel how terribleis the disappointment which they have one and all prepared for mankind.
[参考译文] 处于宗教领域范围之内的人民也许会说服自己对其结果表示满意，这要感谢他们在结实过去和对未来希望宽宏要切上的一种偏爱。可是任何迅速关注宗教的人，把其成就和理性所要求的一切做一比较，必然感到这种种宗教为全人类作好的失望是实在太可怕了。
2. To confuse intelligence anddislocate sentiment by gratuitous fictions is a short-sighted way of pursuinghappiness.
[参考译文] 以无理的幻想混淆智力，弄乱正常的情感是一种短视的追求幸福的方法。
3. Thus religion too oftendebauches the morality it comes to sanction and impedes the science it ought tofulfill.
[参考译文] 因此，宗教常常会使它要支持的道德堕落沦丧，并妨碍它应该执行的科学任务。
4. The condition and the aims oflife are both represented in religion poetically, but this poetry tends toarrogate to itself literal truth and moral authority, neither of which itpossesses.
[参考译文] 生活的目标和条件在宗教中诗一般的呈现，但这种诗意往往把宗教所并不具有的朴实真理和道德威力没有来由的归于宗教。

写作方法与文章大意
这是一篇用对比手法写出宗教和理性之差异并着重描述宗教的文章。有各种中焦，理性只有一个，纵然两者在功能和目的上有不相同之处，但由于宗教以直觉，想象力，情感为主，无视目的，虽比科学，社会或艺术更自觉，更直接追求理性生活，结果却是失败和失望，而理性则相反。

答案祥解
1. C. 一种有目的而又不带偏见对最佳事物的探索。答案在最后一段，这种愚蠢的秘密是什么？为什么宗教在目的上那么接近真理，在其结构和结果上，却没有理性的一切？答案很简单：宗教是通过想象来追逐理性，当它解释事件或阐明原因时，以虚构的想象来取代科学，当它训诫，暗示理想或者重塑抱负时，以想象代替智慧——智慧的意思是指有意识而又公正的追求一切好东西。
A. 通过想象力追求理性。 B. 不带感情的探询真理。 C. 追求幸福的短视的方法。
2. A. 宗教通过想象力寻求真理，而理性的探索却运用感情。见难句译注3，理性（智）是非感情的。
B. 在解决人类问题上的宗教是一种无效的工具。 C. 科学寻求逐步解决对人类的问题。 D. 哲学和理性的功能是一样的。
3. A. 宗教没有意识（不知道）其最终目的的。见难句译注4，说明宗教不管（几乎不关注）其目的，或不关心其本能的目标最终真确与否。
B. 宗教没有想象力。 C. 其成果是确切的，最终的。 D. 宗教很象科学和艺术。
4. D. 它激起人类情感。第一段中说“宗教的挣扎与不断变化的力量似乎促使人追求某种永恒的东西，它似乎追求灵魂的最终和谐以及灵魂与灵魂所依赖的一起事物之间的永恒的和谐。”
A. 宗教依赖于直觉而不是推理。第一段最后一句：宗教也有本能和盲目的一面，在各种各样的偶然实践和直觉中沸腾。可不久它又向事物内心摸索前进，然而不论从哪个方向来，都转想最终方向（最终多转想这个方向——直觉），文章的最后一句：宗教的目的和理想的目的一样，而其实现目的方法是通过直觉和无限止的诗一般的幻想来进行的。 B. 它不关心其本能的目标最终是否真确。 C. 它使人类很失望。
5. D. 无效。第二段开始就点出：我们得承认宗教追求理性生活一直是很失败（流产了）。
A. 有想象力的。 B.